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after commons The **goldfish** (//Carassius auratus auratus//) is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. It was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish. A relatively small member of the carp family (which also includes the koi carp and the crucian carp), the goldfish is a domesticated version of a less-colorful carp (//Carassius auratus//) native to east Asia. It was first domesticated in China more than a thousand years ago, and several distinct breeds have since been developed. Goldfish breeds vary greatly in size, body shape, fin configuration and coloration (various combinations of white, yellow, orange, red, brown, and black are known). [hide]
 * ~ Goldfish ||
 * = [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Goldfish3.jpg width="152" height="168" link="/wiki/File/Goldfish3.jpg"]] ||
 * ~ Conservation status ||
 * Domesticated ||
 * ~ Scientific classification ||
 * Kingdom: || Animalia ||
 * Phylum: || Chordata ||
 * Class: || Actinopterygii ||
 * Order: || Cypriniformes ||
 * Family: || Cyprinidae ||
 * Genus: || //Carassius// ||
 * Species: || //C. auratus// ||
 * Subspecies: || //**C. a. auratus**// ||
 * ~ Trinomial name ||
 * = ** //Carassius auratus auratus// ** (Linnaeus, 1758) ||
 * ==Contents==
 * 1 History
 * 2 Related species
 * 3 Varieties of domesticated goldf ish
 * 3.1 Chinese goldfish classification
 * 4 Size
 * 5 In ponds
 * 6 In aquaria
 * 7 Feeding
 * 8 Behavior
 * 9 Intelligence
 * 10 Reproduction
 * 11 Mosquito control
 * 12 Controversy over proper treatment
 * 13 See also
 * 14 Notes and references
 * 15 External links ||

History
Starting in ancient China, various species of carp (collectively known as Asian carps) have been domesticated and reared as food fish for thousands of years. Some of these normally gray or silver species have a tendency to produce red, orange or yellow color mutations; this was first recorded in the Jin Dynasty (265–420). During the Tang Dynasty (618–907), it was popular to raise carp in ornamental ponds and watergardens. A natural genetic mutation produced gold (actually yellowish orange) rather than silver coloration. People began to breed the gold variety instead of the silver variety, keeping them in ponds or other bodies of water. On special occasions at which guests were expected they would be moved to a much smaller container for display. By the Song Dynasty (960–1279), the domestication of goldfish was firmly established.In 1162, the empress of the Song Dynasty ordered the construction of a pond to collect the red and gold variety. By this time, people outside the imperial family were forbidden to keep goldfish of the gold (yellow) variety, yellow being the imperial color. This is probably the reason why there are more orange goldfish than yellow goldfish, even though the latter are genetically easier to breed. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), goldfish also began to be raised indoors, which led to the selection for mutations that would not be able to survive in ponds.he occurrence of other colors (apart from red and gold) was first recorded in 1276. The first occurrence of fancy-tailed goldfish was recorded in the Ming Dynasty. In 1603, goldfish were introduced to Japan, where the Ryukin and Tosakin varieties were developed. In 1611, goldfish were introduced to Portugal and from there to other parts of Europe During the 1620s, goldfish were highly regarded in southern Europe because of their metallic scales, and symbolized good luck and fortune. It became tradition for married men to give their wives a goldfish on their one-year anniversary, as a symbol for the prosperous years to come. This tradition quickly died, as goldfish became more available, losing their status. Goldfish were first introduced to North America around 1850 and quickly became popular in the United States.

Varieties of domesticated goldfish
Selective breeding over centuries has produced several color variations, some of them far removed from the "goldn" color of the originally domesticated fish. There are also different body shapes, fin and eye configurations. Some extreme versions of the goldfish live only in aquariums—they are much less hardy than varieties closer to the "wild" original. However, some variations are hardier, such as the Shubunkin. Currently, there are about 300 breeds recognized in China. The vast majority of goldfish breeds today originated from China. Some of the main varieties are:
 * ~ Common goldfish ||||~ Black Moor ||||~ Bubble Eye ||
 * = **Common goldfish** differ only in color from their closest relative, the Prussian carp. Common goldfish come in a variety of colors including red, orange/gold, white, black and yellow or 'lemon' goldfish. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Common_goldfish.JPG width="149" height="92" link="/wiki/File/Common_goldfish.JPG"]] ||= The **Black moor** is a telescope-eyed variety of fancy goldfish that has a characteristic pair of protruding eyes. It is also referred to as popeye, telescope, kuro demekin in Japan and dragon-eye in China. ||= [[image:http://images1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20091124204260/goldfish/images/6/61/Black_Moor.jpg width="157" height="101" link="/wiki/File/Black_Moor_Goldfish.jpg"]] ||= The small, fancy **Bubble Eye** has upward pointing eyes accompanied by two large fluid-filled sacs. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Extra_flotation_devices.jpg width="160" height="119" link="/wiki/File/Bubble_Eye_goldfish.jpg"]] ||
 * ~ Celestial Eye ||||~ Comet (goldfish) ||||~ Fantail (goldfish) ||
 * = Fancy **Celestial eye goldfish** or //Choten gan// has a double tail and a breed-defining pair of upturned, telescope eyes with pupils gazing skyward. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Celestial_eye_goldfish.jpg width="136" height="117" link="/wiki/File/Celestial_eye_goldfish.jpg"]] ||= The **comet** or **comet-tailed goldfish** is the most common fancy variety in the United States. It is similar to the common goldfish, except slightly smaller and slimmer, and is mainly distinguished by its long, deeply forked tail. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/da/Sarasa_comet_goldfish.jpg width="158" height="106" link="/wiki/File/Sarasa_comet_goldfish.jpg"]] ||= The **Fantail** goldfish is the western form of the Ryukin and possesses an egg-shaped body, a high dorsal fin, a long quadruple caudal fin, and no shoulder hump. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Fan_tailed_goldfish.jpg width="123" height="96" link="/wiki/File/Fan_tailed_goldfish.jpg"]] ||
 * ~ Lionhead (goldfish) ||||~ Oranda ||||~ Pearlscale ||
 * = The fancy **lionhead** has a hood. This fish is the //precursor to the ranchu.// ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/LionheadGoldfishSideviewRodsan18b.jpg width="130" height="77" link="/wiki/File/LionheadGoldfishSideviewRodsan18b.jpg"]] ||= The fancy **oranda** is characterized by a prominent raspberry-like hood or (also known as wen or headgrowth) that encases the whole head except for the eyes and mouth. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/OrangeOranda.jpg width="142" height="80" link="/wiki/File/OrangeOranda.jpg"]] ||= The fancy **pearlscale** or **chinshurin** in Japanese, is spherical-bodied with finnage similar to the fantail. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Goldfish_Pearl_Scale.jpg width="176" height="135" link="/wiki/File/Goldfish_Pearl_Scale.jpg"]] ||
 * ~ Pompom (goldfish) ||||~ Ryukin ||||~ Shubunkin ||
 * = The fancy **Pompoms** or **pompon** or **hana fusa** have bundles of loose fleshy outgrowths between the nostrils, on each side of the head. ||= [[image:http://fishandtips.smileblogger.com/wp-content/uploads/pompon-dorsalled-bristol-aquarist.org_.uk_.jpg width="163" height="108"]] ||= The fancy **ryukin** has a short, deep body with a characteristic shoulder hump. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Goldfish_Ryukin.jpg width="187" height="141" link="/wiki/File/Goldfish_Ryukin.jpg"]] ||= Fancy and hardy Japanese **Shubunkins** translated literally as "red brocade" have a single tail with nacreous scales, and a pattern known as calico. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Clear_shubunkin.jpg width="147" height="111" link="/wiki/File/Clear_shubunkin.jpg"]] ||
 * ~ Telescope eye ||||~ Ranchu ||||~ Panda Moor ||
 * = The fancy **telescope eye** or **demekin** is characterized by its protruding eyes. It is also known as **globe eye** or **dragon eye** goldfish. ||= [[image:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_vzMXlfzgosE/S_zqKAViHJI/AAAAAAAADYw/RXswzRVaID4/s1600/t+telescopeeye+goldfish+2.jpg width="164" height="119" link="/wiki/File/GoldfishDroganeys.jpg"]] ||= The fancy Japanese **ranchu** is hooded. The Japanese refer to it as the "king of goldfish". ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Goldfish_Ranchu_2.jpg width="160" height="101" link="/wiki/File/Goldfish_Ranchu_2.jpg"]] ||= The fancy **panda moor** has a characteristic black-and-white color pattern and protruding eyes. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Pandamoor.jpg width="134" height="161" link="/wiki/File/Pandamoor.jpg"]] ||
 * ~ Veiltail ||||~ Butterfly tail (goldfish) ||||~ Meteor goldfish ||
 * = The fancy **veiltail** is known for its extra-long, flowing double tail. Modern veiltail standards require little or no indentation of the trailing edges of the caudal fins, as in a wedding veil for a bride. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Welon_%28ryba%29.JPG width="153" height="99" link="/wiki/File/Welon_(ryba).JPG"]] ||= The **Butterfly Tail Moor or Butterfly Telescope** is of the telescope-eye lineage, with twin tails best viewed from above. The spread of the caudal fins mimics butterflies underwater. ||= [[image:http://www.aquariumfish.net/images_01/black_and_gold_telescope_110227a5_w0640.jpg width="168" height="97" link="/wiki/File/Calico-butterfly-tail-demekin.png"]] ||= The **Meteor goldfish** is a strange-looking variety that has been developed by specialist breeders of fancy **goldfish**. It has no tail fin, hence its name. ||
 * ~ Lionchu ||||~ Egg-fish goldfish ||||~ Shukin ||
 * = The **Lionchu** or **lionhead-ranchu** is a fancy **goldfish** that has resulted from crossbreeding lionheads and ranchus. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Goldfish_Lionchu_first_orize_winner.jpg width="216" height="144" link="/wiki/File/Goldfish_Lionchu_first_orize_winner.jpg"]] ||= The **egg-fish** goldfish is an artificial creation of specialist fancy **goldfish** breeders which lacks a dorsal fin and has a pronounced egg-shaped body. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Eggfish.jpg width="172" height="97" link="/wiki/File/Eggfish.jpg"]] ||= The **Shukin** is Ranchu-like **goldfish** developed from Ranchu and Oranda at the end of the 19th century in Japan. ||=  ||
 * ~ Curled-gill goldfish ||||~ Tamasaba ||||~ Tosakin ||
 * = The **Curled-gill** or **Reversed-gill** **goldfish** is another uncommon variety of fancy **goldfish** that has been developed by specialist enthusiasts. It owes its name to the out-turned appearance of its gill covers. ||= [[image:http://www.freshwaterreef.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/goldfish1.jpg width="220" height="144" link="/wiki/File/Curled_gill_goldfish.jpg"]] ||= The **Tamasaba** or **Sabao** is an uncommon Japanese variety of **goldfish** with a body shaped similar to the Ryukin and a very long, flowing, single tail that is similar to that of a mackerel. hence its other name, Mackerel Tail. ||=  ||= The **Tosakin** or **curly fantail goldfish** is a very distinctive breed of **goldfish** with a large tail fin that spreads out horizontally (like a fan) behind the fish. Though technically a divided tail, the two halves are attached at the center/middle forming a single fin. ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Tosakin.JPG width="240" height="171" link="/wiki/File/Tosakin.JPG"]] ||
 * ~ Wakin goldfish ||||~ Jikin goldfish ||||~ Imperial goldfish ||
 * = The **wakin** is a common goldfish with a divided, fantail-like tail and is the common goldfish of the Far East. ||=  ||= The **jikin**, also known as the peacock-tail, has a divided tail which is splayed outwards. It is one of the most difficult varieties to breed to the standard. This fish was developed in Japan from the wakin. ||=   ||= The **imperial** is an extremely uncommon experimental goldfish being developed by the GSGB. ||=   ||

Chinese goldfish classification
Chinese tradition classifies goldfish into four main types. These classifications are not commonly used in the West.
 * Ce (may also be called "grass")—Goldfish without fancy anatomical features. These include the common goldfish, comet goldfish and Shubunkin.
 * Wen—Goldfish have a fancy tail, e.g., Fantails and Veiltails ("Wen" is also the name of the characteristic headgrowth on such strains as Oranda and Lionhead)
 * Dragon Eye—Goldfish have extended eyes, e.g., Black Moor, Bubble Eye, and Telescope Eye
 * Egg—Goldfish have no dorsal fin, and usually have an 'egg-shaped' body, e.g., Lionhead (note that a Bubble Eye without a dorsal fin belongs to this group)

Size
As of April 2008, the largest goldfish in the world was believed by the BBC to measure 19 inches (48 cm), and be living in the Netherlands.[ At the time, a goldfish named "Goldie", kept as a pet in a tank in Folkestone, England, was measured as 15 inches (38 cm) and over 2 pounds (0.91 kg), and named as the second largest in the world behind the Netherlands fish. The secretary of the Federation of British Aquatic Societies (FBAS) stated of Goldie's size that "I would think there are probably a few bigger goldfish that people don't think of as record holders, perhaps in ornamental lakes". In July 2010, a goldfish measuring 16 inches (41 cm) and 5 pounds (2.3 kg) was caught in a pond in Poole, England, thought to have been abandoned there after outgrowing a tank.

In ponds
Goldfish are popular pond fish, since they are small, inexpensive, colorful, and very hardy. In an outdoor pond or water garden, they may even survive for brief periods if ice forms on the surface, as long as there is enough oxygen remaining in the water and the pond does not freeze solid. Common goldfish, London and Bristol shubunkins, jikin, wakin, comet and some hardier fantail goldfish can be kept in a pond all year round in temperate and subtropical climates. Moor, veiltail, oranda and lionhead can be kept safely in outdoor ponds only in the summer, and in more tropical climates. Small to large ponds are fine though the depth should be at least 80 centimeters (31 in) to avoid freezing. During winter, goldfish become sluggish, stop eating, and often stay on the bottom of the pond. This is completely normal; they become active again in the spring. A filter is important to clear waste and keep the pond clean. Plants are essential as they act as part of the filtration system, as well as a food source for the fish. Plants are further beneficial since they raise oxygen levels in the water. Compatible fish include rudd, tench, orfe and koi, but the latter require specialized care. Ramshorn snails are helpful by eating any algae that grows in the pond. Without some form of animal population control, goldfish ponds can easily become overstocked. Fish such as orfe consume goldfish eggs.

In aquaria


Like most carp, goldfish produce a large amount of waste both in their faeces and through their gills, releasing harmful chemicals into the water. Build-up of this waste to toxic levels can occur in a relatively short period of time, and can easily cause a goldfish's death. For common and comet varieties, each goldfish should have about 20 US gallons (76 l; 17 imp gal) of water. Fancy goldfish (which are smaller) should have about 10 US gallons (38 l; 8.3 imp gal) per goldfish. The water surface area determines how much oxygen diffuses and dissolves into the water. A general rule is have 1 square foot (0.093 m2). Active aeration by way of a water pump, filter or fountain effectively increases the surface area. The goldfish is classified as a coldwater fish, and can live in unheated aquaria at a temperature comfortable for humans. However, rapid changes in temperature (for example in an office building in winter when the heat is turned off at night) can kill them, especially if the tank is small. Care must also be taken when adding water, as the new water may be of a different temperature. Temperatures under about 10 °C (50 °F) are dangerous to fancy varieties, though commons and comets can survive slightly lower temperatures. Extremely high temperatures (over 30 °C (86 °F) can also harm goldfish. However, higher temperatures may help fight protozoan infestations by accelerating the parasite's life-cycle—thus eliminating it more quickly. The optimum temperature for goldfish is between 20 °C (68 °F) and 22 °C (72 °F). Like all fish, goldfish do not like to be petted. In fact, touching a goldfish can endanger its health, because it can cause the protective slime coat to be damaged or removed, exposing the fish’s skin to infection from bacteria or water-born parasites. However, goldfish respond to people by surfacing at feeding time, and can be trained or acclimated to taking pellets or flakes from human fingers. The reputation of goldfish dying quickly is often due to poor care. The lifespan of goldfish in captivity can extend beyond 10 years. If left in the dark for a period of time, goldfish gradually change color until they are almost gray. Goldfish produce pigment in response to light, in a similar manner to how human skin becomes tanned in the sun. Fish have cells called chromatophores that produce pigments which reflect light, and give the fish coloration. The color of a goldfish is determined by which pigments are in the cells, how many pigment molecules there are, and whether the pigment is grouped inside the cell or is spaced throughout the cytoplasm. Because goldfish eat live plants, their presence in a planted aquarium can be problematic. Only a few aquarium plant species for example //Cryptocoryne// and //Anubias//, can survive around goldfish, but they require special attention so that they are not uprooted. Plastic plants are often more durable, but the branches can irritate or harm a fish that touches one.

Feeding
Various types of prepared fish food

In the wild, the diet of goldfish consists of crustaceans, insects, and various plant matter. Like most fish, they are opportunistic feeders and do not stop eating on their own accord. Overfeeding can be deleterious to their health, typically by blocking the intestines. This happens most often with selectively bred goldfish, which have a convoluted intestinal tract. When excess food is available, they produce more waste and faeces, partly due to incomplete protei digestion. Overfeeding can sometimes be diagnosed by observing faeces trailing from the fish's cloaca. Goldfish-specific food has less protein and more carbohydrate than conventional fish food. It is sold in two consistencies—flakes that float, and pellets that sink. Enthusiasts may supplement this diet with shelled peas (with outer skins removed), blanched green leafy vegetables, and bloodworms. Young goldfish benefit from the addition of [brine shrimp to their diet. As with all animals, goldfish preferences vary.

Behavior
Behavior can vary widely both because goldfish live in a variety of environments, and because their behavior can be conditioned by their owners. Goldfish have strong associative learning abilities, as well as social learning skills. In addition, their visua acuity allows them to distinguish between individual humans. Owners may notice that fish react favorably to them (swimming to the front of the glass, swimming rapidly around the tank, and going to the surface mouthing for food) while hiding when other people approach the tank. Over time, goldfish learn to associate their owners and other humans with food, often "begging" for food whenever their owners approach. Responses from a blind goldfish proved that it recognized one particular family member and a friend by voice, or vibration of sound. This behavior was remarkable because it showed that the fish recognized the vocal vibration or sound of two people specifically out of seven in the house. Goldfish are gregarious, displaying schooling behavior, as well as displaying the same types of feeding behaviors. Goldfish may display similar behaviors when responding to their reflections in a mirror. Goldfish that have constant visual contact with humans also stop considering them to be a threat. After being kept in a tank for several weeks, sometimes months, it becomes possible to feed a goldfish by hand without it shying away. Goldfish have learned behaviors, both as groups and as individuals, that stem from native carp behavior. They are a generalist species with varied feeding, breeding, and predator avoidance behaviors that contribute to their success. As fish they can be described as "friendly" towards each other. Very rarely does a goldfish harm another goldfish, nor do the males harm the females during breeding. The only real threat that goldfish present //to each other// is competing for food. Commons[|,] comets, and other faster varieties can easily eat all the food during a feeding before fancy varieties can reach it. This can lead to stunted growth or possible starvation of fancier varieties when they are kept in a pond with their single-tailed brethren. As a result, care should be taken to combine only breeds with similar body type and swim characteristics.

Intelligence
Goldfish have a memory-span of at least three months and can distinguish between different shapes, colors and soundsGoldfish vision is among the most studied of all vision in fishes. By usingpositive reinforcement, goldfish can be trained to recognize and to react to light signals of different colors or to perform tricks. Fish respond to certain colors most evidently in relation to feeding. Fish learn to anticipate feedings provided they occur at around the same time everyday.

Reproduction
Goldfish may only grow to sexual maturity with enough water and the right nutrition. Most goldfish breed in captivity, particularly in pond settings. Breeding usually happens after a significant temperature change, often in spring. Males chase gravid female goldfish (females carrying eggs), and prompt them to release their eggs by bumping and nudging them. Goldfish, like all cyprinids, are egg-layers. Their eggs are adhesive and attach to aquatic vegetation, typically dense plants such as//Cabomba// or //Elodea// or a spawning mop. The eggs hatch within 48 to 72 hours. Within a week or so, the fry begins to assume its final shape, although a year may pass before they develop a mature goldfish color; until then they are a metallic brown like their wild ancestors. In their first weeks of life, the fry grow quickly—an adaptation born of the high risk of getting devoured by the adult goldfish (or other fish and insects) in their environment. Some highly bred goldfish can no longer breed naturally due to their altered shape. The artificial breeding method called "hand stripping" can assist nature, but can harm the fish if not done correctly. In captivity, adults may also eat young that they encounter. Goldfish eggs showing cell division || Goldfish fry just hatched (Ryukin) ||
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Goldfisheggs.JPG width="384" height="226" link="/wiki/File/Goldfisheggs.JPG"]]